When structuring a folder for a Python FastAPI project, it’s essential to maintain modularity and scalability, especially as your project grows. A good folder structure helps to separate concerns, making it easier to manage and maintain the codebase.

Here’s a recommended folder structure for a typical FastAPI project:

Recommended Folder Structure

my_fastapi_project/
│
├── app/                        # Main application code
│   ├── __init__.py
│   ├── main.py                 # Entry point for the FastAPI application
│   ├── api/                    # API routes and business logic
│   │   ├── __init__.py
│   │   ├── v1/                 # Versioned API (optional, but good for future scalability)
│   │   │   ├── __init__.py
│   │   │   ├── endpoints/      # Routes for version 1 API
│   │   │   │   ├── __init__.py
│   │   │   │   ├── user.py     # Example: user-related routes
│   │   │   │   ├── item.py     # Example: item-related routes
│   │   ├── v2/                 # (Optional) Future version of the API
│   │   ├── dependencies.py     # Shared dependencies (e.g., DB session)
│   ├── core/                   # Core components like settings, config, security
│   │   ├── __init__.py
│   │   ├── config.py           # Configuration settings (e.g., environment variables)
│   │   ├── security.py         # Security-related utilities (e.g., JWT)
│   │   ├── settings.py         # Settings management (e.g., loading env variables)
│   ├── models/                 # ORM models or Pydantic schemas
│   │   ├── __init__.py
│   │   ├── user.py             # Example: user model
│   │   ├── item.py             # Example: item model
│   ├── schemas/                # Pydantic schemas for validation
│   │   ├── __init__.py
│   │   ├── user.py             # Example: user schema
│   │   ├── item.py             # Example: item schema
│   ├── services/               # Business logic and service layer
│   │   ├── __init__.py
│   │   ├── user_service.py     # Example: user service
│   │   ├── item_service.py     # Example: item service
│   ├── db/                     # Database-related code (e.g., SQLAlchemy models, migrations)
│   │   ├── __init__.py
│   │   ├── session.py          # Database session management
│   │   ├── init_db.py          # Database initialization code (e.g., creating tables)
│   ├── tests/                  # Unit and integration tests
│   │   ├── __init__.py
│   │   ├── test_user.py        # Example test file for user-related functionality
│   │   ├── test_item.py        # Example test file for item-related functionality
│   ├── utils/                  # Utility functions that are used across the app
│   │   ├── __init__.py
│   │   ├── date_utils.py       # Example utility: date-related functions
│
├── .env                         # Environment variables for sensitive data (e.g., DB URI, API keys)
├── .gitignore                   # Git ignore file to exclude unnecessary files
├── requirements.txt             # Project dependencies (including FastAPI and Uvicorn)
├── alembic.ini                  # Alembic configuration file (if using migrations with SQLAlchemy)
├── Dockerfile                   # Dockerfile for containerizing the app (optional)
├── docker-compose.yml           # Docker Compose file for multi-container setup (optional)
└── README.md                    # Project documentation

Explanation of the Structure:

1. app/: This is where the majority of your code resides. It contains all your app-specific logic and modules.

To completely uninstall NGINX from your system, follow the appropriate instructions based on your operating system:

For Ubuntu/Debian-based systems:

1. Stop the NGINX service:

   sudo systemctl stop nginx
   

2. Disable the NGINX service (so it doesn’t start on boot):

   sudo systemctl disable nginx
   

3. Remove NGINX and its dependencies: Run the following command to remove the NGINX package:

   sudo apt-get purge nginx nginx-common nginx-full nginx-core
   

4. Remove any unused dependencies: After removing NGINX, you can clean up any unused packages:

Deploying a Rust application to a VPS (Virtual Private Server) involves several key steps. Here’s a comprehensive guide on how to do it:

Prerequisites

1. Rust Toolchain installed on your local machine (using rustup).
2. VPS Access: SSH access to the VPS (for example, using SSH keys).
3. VPS OS: Linux-based OS (Ubuntu, Debian, CentOS, etc.) is assumed.
4. Cargo (Rust’s package manager and build tool) should be installed on the VPS.
5. A web server (like Nginx or Apache) for serving HTTP applications (optional, only necessary for web apps).

Step-by-Step Guide

1. Build Your Rust Application

First, build your Rust app for release on your local machine:

To create a REST API with Rust that allows you to send photos and videos to a Telegram bot, we can use the Actix Web framework for the API and the Teloxide library for interacting with the Telegram bot.

Steps:

1. Set up Actix Web to create the REST API.
2. Use Teloxide to interact with the Telegram API for sending media.
3. Use multipart form data to handle file uploads in the REST API.

Dependencies:

You will need the following dependencies in Cargo.toml:

When organizing a Rust application, it’s important to follow a folder structure that is both maintainable and scalable. A well-organized folder structure makes it easier for developers to understand the code, contribute to the project, and scale the application as it grows. Below is a recommended structure for a typical Rust application, with explanations for each part.

Recommended Folder Structure

my_rust_app/
├── Cargo.toml                # Project configuration (dependencies, metadata)
├── Cargo.lock                # Lock file (generated after running `cargo build`)
├── src/                      # Source files
│   ├── main.rs               # Main entry point (binary application)
│   ├── lib.rs                # Common library code (if applicable)
│   ├── bin/                  # Additional binaries (optional)
│   ├── models/               # Data models (e.g., structs, enums, etc.)
│   ├── services/             # Business logic / services
│   ├── handlers/             # Request handlers (e.g., for web servers)
│   ├── utils/                # Utility modules (e.g., helpers, utils)
│   ├── db/                   # Database-related code (e.g., migrations, queries)
│   ├── config/               # Configuration and environment setup
│   └── tests/                # Unit and integration tests
├── examples/                 # Example projects or usage demonstrations
├── target/                   # Build output directory (auto-generated by Cargo)
├── tests/                    # Integration tests (optional, alternative to `src/tests`)
├── scripts/                  # Utility scripts (e.g., setup, data generation)
└── README.md                 # Project documentation

Explanation of Folders and Files

1. Cargo.toml & Cargo.lock

• Cargo.toml: This is the main configuration file for the Rust project. It contains metadata, dependencies, and build configuration for the project.
• Cargo.lock: This file is automatically generated when you run cargo build or cargo install to lock the dependencies to specific versions. You should commit this file to ensure consistent builds.

2. src/

This folder contains the core source code of the project.

If you’re using the Hugo framework to deploy your site on GitHub Pages and you’re experiencing issues with missing styles or incorrect layout after setting up a subdomain through Cloudflare, there are a few things to check and configure. Here’s a detailed guide to ensure that everything works smoothly.

1. Check the baseURL in Hugo’s Configuration

The baseURL setting in Hugo’s config.toml (or config.yaml or config.json, depending on your setup) is critical for making sure your site works correctly with a custom subdomain or domain.